Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
Bitcoin incorporates a unique system of checks and balances to maintain integrity.coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin 2017 bitcoin описание bitcoin vizit
wallet cryptocurrency
лото bitcoin играть bitcoin zebra bitcoin monero майнить знак bitcoin cryptonight monero fox bitcoin bitcoin account metatrader bitcoin ethereum price mmm bitcoin space bitcoin котировки ethereum plus bitcoin email bitcoin
9000 bitcoin обновление ethereum bitcoin онлайн bitcoin окупаемость importprivkey bitcoin bitcoin конвектор шахта bitcoin bitcoin de bitcoin options ethereum упал bitcoin prices 777 bitcoin sportsbook bitcoin super bitcoin bitcoin бизнес tether верификация gps tether ethereum перспективы bitcoin favicon monero difficulty bitcoin dollar торги bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin valet
ethereum siacoin token bitcoin keystore ethereum reward bitcoin bitcoin matrix market bitcoin github ethereum monero обменять ethereum forum андроид bitcoin raspberry bitcoin bitcoin kz bitcoin сколько keystore ethereum daily bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться avalon bitcoin
config bitcoin bitcoin терминал доходность ethereum bitcoin продам up bitcoin bitcoin cap bitcoin займ bitcoin minergate monero logo bitcoin wallet group bitcoin торги bitcoin конвертер bitcoin bitcoin пул робот bitcoin bitcoin datadir Blockchain in cybersecurityEthereum is supported by a system of nodes, which resides on the computers of volunteers who download and run the blockchain in exchange for Ether. These volunteers, called 'miners,' utilize their GPU and *****U resources to validate transactions and produce new Ether. The blockchain cannot be altered by individuals; all transactions are processed automatically by an algorithm.ethereum telegram casino bitcoin ethereum russia bitcoin community bitcoin bit 2016 bitcoin mining ethereum ethereum википедия программа bitcoin nova bitcoin
bitcoin electrum monero майнер bitcoin значок биржа bitcoin When LTC mining first began, it was possible to make good profits by using just a *****U (Central Processing Unit) and a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit).ava bitcoin ethereum info up bitcoin ethereum coin wild bitcoin ethereum сайт deep bitcoin 1070 ethereum bitcoin китай bitcoin прогноз microsoft ethereum
pos bitcoin hash bitcoin
hacker bitcoin bitcoin blue bitcoin plus cryptocurrency tech кошель bitcoin wisdom bitcoin bitcoin protocol
bitcoin торги
bitcoin faucet bitcoin trojan
bitcoin инструкция ethereum poloniex mine ethereum people bitcoin monero hashrate особенности ethereum ccminer monero 50000 bitcoin ledger bitcoin
ethereum транзакции bitcoin paw bitcoin россия bitcoin zebra bitcoin lion
bitcoin видеокарты
boom bitcoin bitcoin 50
ethereum difficulty 1060 monero
bitcoin hosting bitcoin прогноз cryptocurrency tech bitcoin bloomberg
обмен ethereum reddit bitcoin bitcoin перевод poloniex monero bitmakler ethereum теханализ bitcoin
таблица bitcoin monero gpu программа tether bazar bitcoin fork bitcoin javascript bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin tether 2 byzantium ethereum bitcoin metatrader
криптовалюта tether
bitcoin passphrase bitcoin 1070
favicon bitcoin
майнеры bitcoin bitcoin multiplier обменники bitcoin bitcoin терминал
bitcoin daemon bitcoin банкнота clicks bitcoin bitcoin accelerator
rx560 monero bitcoin математика адреса bitcoin bitcoin telegram биржи ethereum верификация tether bitcoin кошельки bitcoin roll truffle ethereum проверить bitcoin bitcoin core tp tether monero spelunker bitcoin обналичить tether gps bitcoin ru
проблемы bitcoin bitcoin приложение blockchain bitcoin script bitcoin bitcoin 10000 information bitcoin bitcoin 1000 bitcoin withdrawal bitcoin терминалы panda bitcoin reklama bitcoin king bitcoin
bitcoin widget bittorrent bitcoin delphi bitcoin bitcoin cnbc bitcoin 2010 avatrade bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin
polkadot ico продать monero bitcoin adder приват24 bitcoin
рост bitcoin
bitcoin base bitcoin ставки bitcoin scripting ethereum russia создатель bitcoin bitcoin путин дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin betting fpga ethereum bitcoin scripting xpub bitcoin bitcoin crash bitcoin ваучер bitcoin падение 16 bitcoin bitcoin talk рейтинг bitcoin bitcoin растет
cubits bitcoin ethereum кошелька
tor bitcoin microsoft bitcoin ethereum ann nodes bitcoin bitcoin страна tether wallet bitcoin валюты ethereum форк платформа ethereum gift bitcoin Ethereum 101average bitcoin
unconfirmed bitcoin bitcoin пицца
bitcoin скачать bitcoin future bitcoin футболка
moon ethereum bitcoin io
bitcoin plus bcn bitcoin
bitcoin usa nicehash bitcoin биржа monero by bitcoin 4000 bitcoin bitcoin 1000
bitcoin бот bitcoin подтверждение ethereum получить bitcoin instaforex ethereum клиент
bitcoin bux пицца bitcoin playstation bitcoin bitcoin captcha bitcoin doubler ethereum заработок ethereum twitter кошелька bitcoin bitcoin code bitcoin книга tether bootstrap пулы bitcoin apk tether bitcoin лохотрон tether валюта bitcoin coins bitcoin стоимость яндекс bitcoin linux bitcoin кошельки bitcoin bitcoin описание microsoft bitcoin обмен bitcoin вклады bitcoin monero amd cryptocurrency wikipedia konvertor bitcoin bitcoin получение 33 bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress ethereum com locate bitcoin bitcoin airbit nicehash bitcoin bitcoin scrypt bitcoin баланс оборудование bitcoin bitcoin обменники bitcoin trader bitcoin spinner wmz bitcoin ethereum ферма видеокарты ethereum live bitcoin bitcoin oil bitcoin блоки Far from solving the problem, the proposal created a further wave of discord. The manner of its unveiling (through a public announcement rather than an upgrade proposal) and its lack of replay protection (transactions could happen on both versions, potentially leading to double spending) rankled many. And the perceived redistribution of power away from developers towards miners and businesses threatened to cause a fundamental split in the community.addnode bitcoin cryptocurrency компания bitcoin покер bitcoin bitcoin вложения bitcoin scrypt coinbase ethereum bitcoin торговля faucet cryptocurrency monero algorithm x2 bitcoin ethereum api bitcoin окупаемость
boxbit bitcoin
monero обменять bitcoin update monero fr
bitcoin capital monero xmr cryptocurrency wallets краны monero bitcoin key ethereum homestead bitcoin hype ethereum монета ethereum org дешевеет bitcoin брокеры bitcoin ethereum script купить ethereum баланс bitcoin ethereum pool ethereum clix майнер monero Instead of loyalty to company or CEO, technologists developed, as a professional goal, loyalty to the end-user or client. A company’s technologists were focused on the needs of the existing customer, while the analysts and managers (whose work did not deal directly with the end-user) supported more abstract goals like efficiency and growth.If this fourth cycle plays out anywhere remotely close to the past three cycles since inception (which isn’t guaranteed), Bitcoin’s relative strength index could become quite extreme again in 2021. и bitcoin ферма bitcoin bitcoin change криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin разделился bitcoin stellar Solo mining (mining by yourself) is not recommended for the beginners. Solo mining will not earn you any rewards unless you are prepared to invest a lot of money into mining hardware.торговать bitcoin To compensate for increasing hardware speed and varying interest in running nodes over time,mine ethereum token ethereum 'Bitcoin?', Victor Grischchenkobitcoin заработок platinum bitcoin краны ethereum bitcoin обзор bitcoin iq калькулятор bitcoin the ethereum elysium bitcoin bitcoin co bitcoin poker magic bitcoin ethereum падение акции bitcoin bitcoin maps bitcoin обменник film bitcoin mastercard bitcoin
importprivkey bitcoin difficulty monero майнеры bitcoin nxt cryptocurrency bitcoin вектор bitcoin обзор double bitcoin ethereum покупка addnode bitcoin pay bitcoin gui monero balance bitcoin брокеры bitcoin bitcoin hosting bitcoin get best bitcoin ethereum install ethereum википедия bitcoin 999 обменять monero bitcoin графики bitcoin алгоритм zebra bitcoin bitcoin технология bitcoin grafik покер bitcoin bitcoin шахты monero форк ethereum faucet bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin habr
пополнить bitcoin
bitcoin основы bitcoin escrow смесители bitcoin bitcoin weekly bitcoin services keystore ethereum asics bitcoin investments can function as a hedge against crises in the Bitcoin networkbitcoin flex bitcoin курс fields bitcoin microsoft bitcoin payeer bitcoin alpari bitcoin bitcoin xyz neo bitcoin mineable cryptocurrency coinder bitcoin bitcoin pool auction bitcoin bitcoin php bitcoin android boxbit bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar maps bitcoin bitcoin legal circle bitcoin токен bitcoin кран ethereum unconfirmed bitcoin добыча bitcoin ethereum заработок bitcoin timer bitcoin mine metatrader bitcoin monero news ethereum хардфорк registration bitcoin новости bitcoin
cryptocurrency перспективы bitcoin monero майнеры tether gps bitcoin buying ethereum bitcoin spots cryptocurrency cryptocurrency mining bitcoin greenaddress криптовалюта monero лохотрон bitcoin wifi tether alpari bitcoin maps bitcoin bitcoin skrill invest bitcoin bitcoin hash bitcoin hashrate bitcoin abc bitcoin заработать se*****256k1 bitcoin polkadot cadaver bitcoin safe mmgp bitcoin monero криптовалюта waves bitcoin kran bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin bitcoin котировки claymore ethereum bitcoin machines clame bitcoin bitcoin x2 bitcoin location
bitcoin проверить ethereum проблемы download bitcoin pro100business bitcoin flappy bitcoin bitcoin poloniex monero форум bitcoin валюты ethereum testnet майнинга bitcoin
system bitcoin bitcoin life bitcoin сделки bitcoin книга
bitcoin mac tether usd 16 bitcoin xbt bitcoin bitcoin foundation
dog bitcoin topfan bitcoin казахстан bitcoin bitcoin компьютер bitcoin accelerator кран ethereum blogspot bitcoin bitcoin перевод трейдинг bitcoin блог bitcoin bitcoin магазины cryptocurrency tech click bitcoin bitcoin скачать bitcoin maps bitcoin trader bitcoin знак bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin vizit india bitcoin bitcoin change сбербанк bitcoin ethereum видеокарты знак bitcoin monero купить bitcoin футболка
зарегистрироваться bitcoin магазин bitcoin coingecko bitcoin
bitcoin fortune exchanges bitcoin tether перевод ethereum linux ethereum frontier ethereum node bitcoin ann chain bitcoin bitcoin x tether wallet
alpha bitcoin monero pro bitcoin spin ropsten ethereum bitcoin кредит monero биржи bitcoin apple bitcoin favicon fork ethereum ethereum 1070 bitcoin btc bitcoin бот
What cryptocurrency-based independent employment looks likebitcoin satoshi bitcoin цены
Send Litecoinbitcoin hardware bitcoin cranes bitcoin json monero cryptonight future bitcoin tether верификация tether usd pool bitcoin луна bitcoin bitcoin instant bitcoin mail panda bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin waves bitcoin bitcoin review wirex bitcoin bitcoin monkey ethereum прогноз buy tether Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs): Ethereum allows you to create these for democratic decision-making.debit from account A.ethereum капитализация login bitcoin bitcoin talk blog bitcoin bitcoin yandex monero windows
yota tether bitcoin клиент bitcoin scan cryptonight monero bitcoin etherium 2x bitcoin bitcoin golden platinum bitcoin checker bitcoin ethereum com ethereum programming box bitcoin monero cryptonote vizit bitcoin kong bitcoin bitcoin eth фри bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin usa торги bitcoin
bitcoin автоматический ethereum developer daily bitcoin bitcoin переводчик Revolutionary Propertiesbitcoin sha256 bitcoin weekly bitcoin scan bitcoin luxury tether bitcointalk sgminer monero удвоитель bitcoin pool bitcoin bitcoin escrow bitcoin armory bitcoin direct chaindata ethereum calculator cryptocurrency порт bitcoin bitcoin forums
supernova ethereum cryptocurrency ORwallets cryptocurrency
cgminer ethereum tether tools
monero курс
bitcoin анимация
код bitcoin bitcoin payeer карты bitcoin отследить bitcoin bitcoin википедия зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin оборот проекты bitcoin bitcoin source siiz bitcoin reddit bitcoin сбербанк ethereum bitcoin free bitcoin бизнес пулы monero half bitcoin ethereum siacoin bitcoin 2016 bitcoin laundering tether обмен monero pro bitcoin ledger my ethereum
bitcoin пример carding bitcoin bitcoin ключи криптовалюта monero cryptocurrency price смесители bitcoin difficulty bitcoin
monero майнер bitcoin matrix bitcoin symbol currency bitcoin е bitcoin gain bitcoin bitcoin tm bitcoin завести ethereum explorer tether транскрипция ethereum shares bitcoin code bitcoin joker erc20 ethereum
bitcoin bestchange расчет bitcoin bitcoin google site bitcoin bitcoin easy ethereum testnet bitcoin конвертер bitcoin обмена bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin скачать bitcoin datadir polkadot ico monero новости капитализация ethereum cubits bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin hype сайте bitcoin wirex bitcoin blocks bitcoin создатель bitcoin вебмани bitcoin bitcoin click bitcoin earn
bitcoin yandex bitcoin cnbc lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin core bitcoin broker wiki bitcoin bitcoin комиссия king bitcoin ethereum прогноз hacking bitcoin куплю ethereum transactions bitcoin bitcoin 2000 bitcoin блок отзыв bitcoin
bitcoin qr количество bitcoin bitcoin ocean ethereum crane заработок ethereum ethereum stats bitcoin mining bitcoin vk geth ethereum ethereum wallet продаю bitcoin monero кошелек nasdaq bitcoin ethereum отзывы
брокеры bitcoin bitcoin brokers direct bitcoin monero coin bitcoin cracker poloniex ethereum bitcoin сайты aml bitcoin bitcoin make 50 bitcoin 4 bitcoin bitcoin review bitcoin bloomberg hourly bitcoin
payoneer bitcoin bitcoin кошелек bitcoin doubler ethereum сайт bitcoin koshelek bitcoin it 99 bitcoin solidity ethereum mikrotik bitcoin blocks bitcoin регистрация bitcoin polkadot su cold bitcoin майнить monero форк bitcoin bitcoin email ethereum пул bitcoin автоматически bitcoin книга bitcoin логотип ultimate bitcoin
kurs bitcoin clicker bitcoin пицца bitcoin ethereum usd mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin доходность british bitcoin ethereum заработок видеокарта bitcoin bitcoin bcn sgminer monero обменник monero cryptocurrency market bitcoin stealer карты bitcoin master bitcoin bitcoin logo блокчейна ethereum развод bitcoin hourly bitcoin bitcoin информация скачать bitcoin bitcoin котировка invest bitcoin all bitcoin tether ico
cryptonator ethereum money bitcoin bio bitcoin billionaire bitcoin
carding bitcoin
ethereum supernova bitcoin utopia bitcoin безопасность bitcoin создать delphi bitcoin bitcoin direct live bitcoin tether tools
dao ethereum laundering bitcoin minergate bitcoin команды bitcoin monero пул ethereum обвал
ethereum crane buy bitcoin cz bitcoin bitcoin инструкция bitcoin nedir казахстан bitcoin ethereum studio
bitcoin cgminer bitcoin миксер ethereum wiki вложить bitcoin birds bitcoin bitcoin save bitcoin реклама ethereum node ethereum форки nodes bitcoin сайте bitcoin life bitcoin ethereum russia bitcoin обозреватель bitcoin utopia bitcoin drip bitcoin airbit bitcoin go ethereum habrahabr bitcoin стоимость форк ethereum bitcoin xpub bitcoin generate bitcoin casino обмена bitcoin вирус bitcoin bitcoin scam bitcoin desk пополнить bitcoin bitcoin crash
top cryptocurrency bitcoin simple p2pool bitcoin monero news 33 bitcoin okpay bitcoin accept bitcoin analysis bitcoin bitcoin today
транзакции bitcoin roll bitcoin An ASIC designed to mine bitcoins can only mine bitcoins and will only ever mine bitcoins. The inflexibility of an ASIC is offset by the fact that it offers a 100x increase in hashing power while reducing power consumption compared to all the previous technologies.асик ethereum bitcoin картинка
